Cloned Meat: Its Whats for Dinner Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pa

Cloned Meat: Its What's for Dinner "[Cloning] first involves destroying the nucleus of an egg cell from the species to be cloned. A nucleus is then removed from a cell of an animal of the same species and injected into the egg cell. The egg, with its new nucleus, develops into an animal with the same genetic makeup as the donor." (1) Sounds yummy, huh? You may soon be dining on Grade A, prime cut cloned beef. Or pork. Or chicken for that matter. Is the thought alone enough to make you want to become vegan? The Food and Drug Administration has issued preliminary statements about the sale of cloned meat and dairy products becoming a reality. These statements are based on a recent report from the National Academy of Sciences. "Eating meat or drinking milk from cloned animals is probably safe, experts from the National Academies of Science concluded after reviewing what little research exists on the topic." (2) But is there truly enough research on this topic to draw conclusions that could affect millions of people's health? Will we even know if we are eating cloned meat or products? And will this cloned meat be used in a way beneficial for society, or simply for a money making purpose? Obviously, the FDA's main concern with the proposed consumption and sales of cloned meat and dairy products is how it will affect the people eating it. A possible negative effect the cloned products could have is allergenic consequences. A committee from the Academies has stated that the likelihood of these products having and allergenic effect is low.(2) Yet the committee also has cautionary words about the validity of their statements, claiming that the only way to actually find out the reactions to the products is to run multiple tests ... ...r of the Center for Food Safety. "I think overwhelmingly consumers would want that information and I think there's reason to give it to them." (7) Mendelson also added that many Americans do not even know that they are currently eating genetically modified foods. The use of cloned animals in the production of a greater quantity and quality of meat could be beneficial to society in so many ways. All food prices could go down so that low-income families could afford milk and meat. Meat could be produced to be shipped to third world countries, or those in war. Dying herds of animals in Africa and the jungles of South America could be jumped started. However, based on the price of the cloning process, and the payback that many farmers who endorse this process are expecting, more than likely meat from cloned animals will become some sort of weird, expensive delicacy.

Analysis of Albert Ellis’s Life Experiences and Psychological Philosophies Essay

At the age of 12 his parents divorced (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). These two life-altering events were, in part, what led him to begin focusing his mind on understanding people (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In junior high Albert Ellis dreamed of becoming a great novelist (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997) but by the time he reached college age, he decided it might be more practical to become an accountant instead. However, he planned to retire by the age of 30 so that he could then take up writing at his own leisure (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). Due in part to the Great Depression, his goals changed but he did go on to graduate college in 1934 with a degree in business (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). After graduation he and his brother became entrepreneurs and started their own business. They sold pants purchased from the garment district (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In 1938 a gift and novelty firm employed him as their personal manager. Some of his controversial articles included The Influence of Heterosexual Cultures on the Attitudes of Homosexuals (1951) and Prostitution Re-assessed (1951) both of these articles were written for the International Journal of Sexology (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis’ writings were groundbreaking material that opened the door to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and the gay and lesbian rights movement in the 1970’s (Ellis 1992). These writings were controversial at that time and may have stigmatized or put a negative label on Albert Ellis. However, these writings as well as references from his friends was how he formed his client base (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Most of Albert Ellis’ early clients were individuals and couples suffering from sex, love and marital problems (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis also grew his private practice through publicity from his talks, workshops, radio, and television presentations which led to referrals from a number of psychologists with whom he had no personal relationship with (Ellis 1997). Besides maintaining a full-time private practice, Albert Ellis also found the time to become the first Chairman of the first Committee on Private Practice of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Ellis 1997). During that time he conducted a study of the members of the American Psychological Association (Ellis 1997). This study showed that only 56% of the American Psychological Association members were engaged in some kind of paid private practice, and only 30% devoted 20 or more hours a week (Ellis 1997). Only a few individuals including Albert Ellis were in full-time private practices (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis also worked with Reverend Ilsley Boone on a New York District Federal Court to legally sell nudist magazines (Ellis 1997)_. _ They lost the New York District Federal court case and immediately start working on a brief for the United States Supreme Court and alternately reversed and New York district Federal Court decision (Ellis 1997). This was a major victory for nudists across the country (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis quickly became an â€Å"Idol† for many American nudists (Ellis 1997). Philosophical and Psychological Beliefs Albert Ellis experimented with various forms of psychotherapy keeping therapies that he believed work better than others and disregarded everything else. Albert Ellis began building his own therapeutic process and started questioning traditional Freudian psychoanalysis. In 1953 Albert Ellis started calling himself a â€Å"psychotherapist† instead of the traditional â€Å"psychoanalyst† label (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis thought that this change of title would separate him from the classical psychoanalytic practices (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis had a passion for reading early philosophy e. g. Epictetus and Spinoza (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1992). Albert Ellis also read famous works from the leading psychologist of his time e. g. Alfred Adler and Karen Horney (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). His study of philosophy and psychology also led him to become interested in understanding the philosophy of happiness. Albert Ellis came to the conclusion that if an individual’s basic needs were met, the individual would be happy. He found that basic needs were only part of the equation for personal happiness. Albert Ellis then focused on negative thoughts. Albert Ellis thought that if people had a rational philosophy of life they would rarely be emotionally disturbed (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis formulated a theory that psychological issues and emotional issues of the individual were causing the negative thoughts or what Albert Ellis called irrational beliefs (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Basics Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is a therapy in which individuals change their perceived believes about perceived negative events. Albert Ellis acquired several disabilities such as diabetes, tired eyes, deficient hearing, as well as other physical handicaps (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) to overcome his negative perceptions of his disabilities. † If you really accept it, and stop whining about it, you can turn some of its lemons into quite tasty lemonade† (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), on himself, in 1943 soon after he became a practicing psychologist (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is an important and useful therapy still used today. First, an individual must be aware of their irrational thoughts or explain to the individual that the way they perceive an event is irrational. Then, the individual must replace the irrational thought with rational thought. Finally the individual believes in â€Å"unconditional self acceptance (USA)† (Ellis 1997, 2004). Unconditional self acceptance (USA) is when an individual learns to accept and love their self for who they are rather than what they do. The unconditional self acceptance (USA) is reached when the low frustration tolerance (LFT) is raised and ultimately achieves high frustration tolerance (HFT) (Ellis 1997, 2004). The ABC’s of REBT Albert Ellis believed emotional problems that an individual suffers from are the link to a set of irrational beliefs held about themselves, others, and the world they live in. These rational beliefs perpetuate negative self talk in the individual’s consciousness. The negative self talk puts emphasis on â€Å"shoulds†, â€Å"oughts†, and â€Å"musts† of irrational thinking. Rational emotive behavioral therapy attempts to replace these irrational beliefs with new rational thoughts. The process of helping the client change their irrational believes is a two step process. The first step is setting up or choosing for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals; and effective, flexible, scientific, logico-empirical [sic] ways to achieve these values and goals and upload boarding contradictory or self defeating result (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational beliefs or irrational beliefs shape who we are how we act. Albert Ellis created an ABC model to help both the client and the therapist engage and treat unrealistic, immature, and absolutist modes of thinking into realistic, mature, logical, and a realistic approach to thinking (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). The â€Å"A† in the ABC model refers to the â€Å"activating an event†. Activating events are events that trigger or cause our beliefs and perception. The Activating event could be a real situation that the individual had experience are could be inferred event were individual their own meeting contrary to what the situation was (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004). In Either case the activating event is negative stimuli cause by an event or situation triggers any irrational belief (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"B† in the ABC model is beliefs that shape an individual emotions and behaviors (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). In other word, an individual who experiences an activating event then forms a belief based upon that activating event affecting their decision-making about their consequences and/or reaction to other stimuli (Ellis 2004). These Beliefs can either be you’re rational or rational (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"C† in the ABC model stands for the consequences of the irrational beliefs (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). There are emotional and behavioral consequences, either positive or negative, to a set of beliefs about the activating event (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Individuals that suffer from irrational beliefs about a given situation will likely suffer from unhealthy negative emotions (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Unhealthy negative emotions are extreme emotions that can manifest themselves in a variety of forms e. g. guilt, anxiety, andor depression (Ellis 2004). The extreme negative feelings are so intense that the individual afflicted with these emotions often cannot function normally (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis does not believe that one should live a life free of negative emotions (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that healthy negative emotions were emotions that were relatively â€Å"low in intensity† (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that the healthy negative emotions experienced in a mentally healthy individual can modify behavior for the betterment of the individuals’ life (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis later added the (D), (E), and (F) to his ABC’s ofRational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"D† is disputing the irrational beliefs that the individual possesses about the activating event (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"E† or effect the person feels is only achieved when the individual or client successfully disputes the irrational belief and replaces the irrational belief with a rational belief (Ellis 2004). This will ultimately lead to a new effect in the persons behavior. The effect will then lead the individual to a healthier and happier way of feeling â€Å"F† (Ellis 2004). The application of the rational emotive behavioral therapy’s ABC model allows people to visualize how their reactions to events are formed (Ellis 2004). Once an individual visualizes how irrational beliefs are formed and changes their behavior negatively therapy will, more than likely, be successful. The 4 steps of applying the ABC model Rational emotive behavioral therapy is an approach that makes the client participates in an active role in the therapy process. There are four steps in applying the ABC model. As the client Progresses through the four steps will work through an individual’s irrational beliefs and use certain skills to combat any irrational beliefs that may arise after private counseling has ended (Ellis 2004). Step one is to reveal the individuals or clients irrational beliefs in their current mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). In many cases the individuals of clients have had these irrational beliefs for so long that they cannot distinguish their irrational beliefs from normal rational beliefs (Ellis 2004). Also when the individual or the client has family and friends reinforcing their irrational beliefs, even though the irrational beliefs may not fall into societal norms, only reinforces the idea that their irrational beliefs are rational or normal (Ellis 2004). The first step, basically, outlines the treatment plan and formulates a plan of action to dispute the irrational beliefs. Clients must be aware of their irrational and rational beliefs and distinguish the differences between the two different beliefs. In step two the client or individual expands their understanding of what is irrational and what is rational (Ellis 2004). This step is similar to step one, but step two the therapy is more in-depth and intense. In step two the client or individual must be made aware of their irrational beliefs and how the individuals’ irrational beliefs are perpetuating their own turmoil (Ellis 2004). If the client or individual continues to think unreasonable or irrational, they will repeat their irrational behavior and have continued unpleasant feeling that interrupt their normal way of life (Ellis 2004). In showing the individual or client the pattern of their irrational beliefs and the consequences their irrational beliefs impose on them is detrimental to the success of their treatment (Ellis 2004). Only when the client can distinguish the difference between rational beliefs and irrational beliefs, can realize that the negative problems they are having are in direct correlation with their irrational beliefs, and can see the pattern they follow when irrational beliefs are present (Ellis 2004). Step three begins once the previous objectives have been met. In step three the individual or client will learn how to stop illogical or irrational beliefs and change the irrational and negative pattern into a new logical and rational mode of thinking and behaving (Ellis 2004). This is achieved when the individual ceases the negative self talk and stop the irrational beliefs from affecting their mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). Many individuals have their irrational beliefs so embedded in their mode of behaving and their mode thinking that the individual may not even be aware that their irrational beliefs are irrational (Ellis 2004). The client with help from their therapist will attempt to identify the irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs (Ellis 2004). In the fourth and final step the client has identified their irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). The client along with the help of the therapist, work to modify the clients negative way of thinking and identify and change the clients irrational beliefs into rational modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). The therapist works with the client until a new set of rational beliefs are fashioned (Ellis 2004). Once the irrational belief system is replaced by a more rational and logical belief system the client will notice negative feelings and negative behaviors change into a more positive feelings and positive behaviors (Ellis 2004). The rational emotive behavioral theapry techniques used by the therapist to dispute irrational beliefs can vary from client to client depending on the type of the client and modes of irrational thinking REBT Techniques Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is a multimodal form of therapy (Ellis 2004). Some of the different techniques used in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy include â€Å"Disputing the client’s irrational beliefs†, â€Å"changing the language of the client†, and emotive techniques like â€Å"role playing† and â€Å"rational emotive inventory† (Ellis 2004). These different techniques can be used to modify several types or irrational behaviors caused by irrational beliefs e. g. anxiety, depression, anger, and addictions (Ellis 2004). These techniques show the client how to refute their irrational beliefs in a precise and rapid method. Disputing the client’s irrational beliefs technique is a technique that makes the client challenge their beliefs and modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). In this technique the therapist presents a series of questions such as: Why do you assume this? or Why must it be this way? When the client answers these questions the client start to realize that the way they are thinking is irrational (Ellis 2004). The language of the client technique disputes â€Å"the shoulds† and â€Å"the oughts† in the client’s way of thinking (Ellis 2004). In most cases the language used by the client forms their irrational way of thinking (Ellis 2004). By changing â€Å"the shoulds† and â€Å"the oughts† into wishes, wants, and desires may change the client’s irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). Example of Self-Application of REBT The techniques outlined by Albert Ellis shows how simplistic but meaningful Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) can be (Ellis 2004). Take for example when Albert Ellis gets impatient or angry about his various limitations (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis says to himself: â€Å"Too damn bad! I really do not like taking all this time and effort to deal with my impairments and wish to hell that I didn’t have to do so. But alas, I do. It is hard doing so many things to keep myself in a relatively healthy condition, but it is much harder in the long run and much more painful and deadly, if I do not keep doing this. There is no reason whatsoever why I absolutely must have it easier than I do. Yes it is unfair for me to be more afflicted than many other people are. But, damn it, I should be just as afflicted as I am! Unfairness should exist in the world—to me, and to whomever else it does exist—because it does exist! Too bad that it does—but it does! † sic Albert Ellis lived a full and rich life filled with controversy and an outspoken attitude. Albert Ellis fought for gay and lesbian rights and the right to send uncensored or â€Å"obscene† mail through the Federal mail system. Albert Ellis was also one of the first individuals start their own private practice as a psychologist.

The STOP ERA Campaign Against Womens Equality

STOP  ERA was the name of conservative activist Phyllis Schlaflys campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) which she founded after Congress passed the proposed amendment in 1972. Her campaign played a significant role in the fight to prevent ERA from being ratified in the 1970s. The Origins of STOP ERA The name of STOP ERA is based on an acronym for Stop Taking Our Privileges.  The campaign argued that women were already protected under the laws of the time and making ERA gender neutral would somehow deprive women of their special protections and privileges. STOP ERAs major supporters were already supporters of Schlaflys conservative group, Eagle Forum, and came from the right wing of the Republican Party. Christian conservatives also organized for STOP ERA and used their churches to provide meeting spaces for events and network with legislators who were valuable to the strategic approach of the movement. Though STOP ERA included people from a wide variety of existing groups, Phyllis Schlafly led the effort and hand-picked state directors to steer the campaign as well. The state organizations raised funds and decided on a strategy for the initiative. The 10-Year Campaign and Beyond The STOP  ERA campaign fought against the amendment from the time it was sent to the states for ratification in 1972 until the final ERA deadline in 1982. Ultimately, ratification of the ERA fell three states short of the number needed to add it to the Constitution. Many organizations, including the National Organization for Women (NOW), continue to work for an amendment guaranteeing equal rights for women. In response, Phyllis Schlafly continued her STOP  ERA campaign through her Eagle Forum organization, which warned that radical feminists and â€Å"activist judges† still want to pass the amendment. Schlafly, however, died in 2016. The Anti-Feminist Philosophy Phyllis Schlafly was so well known for her antagonism to gender equality that the Eagle Forum described her as the â€Å"most articulate and successful opponent of the radical feminist movement.† An advocate for honoring the â€Å"dignityâ€Å" of the role of homemaker, Schlafly called the women’s liberation movement highly detrimental to families and the U.S. as a whole. Reasons to Stop the ERA Phyllis Schlafly traveled across the U.S. throughout the 1970s calling for opposition to the ERA because it would supposedly lead to a reversal in gender roles, same-sex marriages, and women in combat, which would weaken the militarys combat strength. Opponents of the amendment also speculated that it would result in taxpayer-funded abortions, unisex bathrooms, and remove laws that depend on gender to define a sex crime. Perhaps most of all, Schalfy feared that ERA would hurt families and eliminate Social Security benefits for widows and homemakers. Although she had earned a salary, Schalfy did not believe women should be in the paid workforce, especially if they had young children. If women were to stay home and raise families, earning no benefits of their own, Social Security was a necessity. Another concern was that ERA would abolish a husbands legal responsibility to support his wife and family and would alter child support and alimony laws to make them gender neutral. Overall, conservatives worried that the amendment would undermine the authority of men over women, which they saw as the proper power relationship for well-functioning families.   Many of these claims about ERA have been disputed by legal scholars. Still, the STOP  ERA campaign continues to generate news whenever the ERA is reintroduced in national or state legislative sessions. Edited and updated with additional information by Jone Johnson Lewis.

Primary Concern in Packaging Policy and the Environment by Levy Free Essay Example, 2250 words

As emphasized by the author/editor of this book, Levy focuses on discussing the topic of Packaging extending from the broad and extensive policies, rules, and guidelines of Packaging in different countries all over the world. Furthermore, relative and similar concepts regarding packaging like Recycling, Reusing and Recovering, Disposing and Packaging wastes are also illuminated and explained in the book. Last but not least, the maintenance and sustenance of consumption are also discussed plus the important concept of production (Levy, p. 3). Put into account that two major concepts have aroused and changed in the latter part of the twentieth century and those are which made an impact on the procedures of the packaging chain. These two concepts are IPP or Integrated Product Policy and the EPR or Extended Producer Responsibility. The two concepts are explicitly and implicitly operationally defined in the book discussing its significance and impact on Packaging (Levy, p. 2). The concep t of packaging, the policy, and the environment had very much evolved in the latter part of the years, 1980 and 1900 according to records in the United States of America. We will write a custom essay sample on Primary Concern in Packaging Policy and the Environment by Levy or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Moreover, several chapters in this book, Packaging Policy and the Environment purport to share vital information about packaging when it tackles the issue of such environmental policies on several countries like Australia, South Africa, Brazil, and Japan (Levy, p. 4). Although the book was able to present what several countries may say on the packaging issue and its impact in the environment of every society, it was still shown that the topic packaging has only taken a small amount of attention from consumers, media, and the entire population all over the world. Therefore, it only goes to show that packaging policies and the environment is not in every priority list of every government of countries across the globe.

Reflection And Philosophy Paper On Ethics - 1284 Words

Reflection and Philosophy Paper Michael Odom Institution Affiliation Reflection and Philosophy Paper In my personal and professional life, I have found that I subscribe to Deontology for an ethical theory. However, I did not come to hold this belief through detailed introspection in a moral philosophy classroom. Rather, it was part of the values that were inculcated in me by my father throughout my childhood. In particular, he always insisted on the importance of thinking about my actions in an impartial way and to always respect others. When I grew up and read moral philosophy, I was delighted to realize that Immanuel Kant’s Deontological account had at its core both of these values. I hope to one day implement guidelines which will†¦show more content†¦At the time I do not think I fully understood or appreciated this, but now that I am older I think I understand it a little better. When I went to university, I had the opportunity to read moral philosophy and encountered many different theories. One of them was utilitarianism, according to which the moral action is that which maximizes the well-being of the most number of people (Rachels, 2015, p. 98). Another was virtue ethics according to which everyone has to follow the golden mean in their actions. For example, we should not be foolhardy or cowardly, but exercise courage prudently (Rachels, 2015, p. 157). These theories certainly have their appeal, and I feel their force. However the one that captivated me from the beginning was Kant’s Deontological ethics. This account was a modified version of my father’s lessons. The lesson about not treating myself as special turned up as the requirement for maxims to be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature (Rachels, 2015, p. 125). In other words, it was not enough to want something, but it would also have to be checked if the act c an be universalized. Kant gives an example to show how his account works by analyzing lying. He points that if you wanted to lie, you should think about what would happen if everyone chose to lie. If everyone lied, then trust would not exist and so the very act of lying would not be possible since it would not be possible to violate trustShow MoreRelatedEthics Reflection Paper Str 581 Week 11312 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: WEEK 1; ETHICS REFLECTIONS PAPER Assignment: Week 1; Ethics Reflections Paper By Judith Judson STR 591 – Phoenix Campus University of Phoenix Facilitator: Dr. Mark Kolesinsky Week 1, July 18, 2012 Ethics Reflection Paper In the last decade, ethics in corporate America has become highly publicized following the discovery of unethical and fraudulent business practices in major corporations. 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Antoine Lavoisier (1743

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Antoine-Laurent Lavo Essay isier (lah vwah ZYAY) was one of thebest-known French scientists and was an important government official. His theories ofcombustion, his development of a way to classify the elements and the first modern textbook ofchemistry led to his being known as the father of modern chemistry. He contributed to much ofthe research in the field of chemistry. He is quoted for saying, Nothing is lost, nothing is created,everything is transformed. Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on Aug. 26, 1743. When he waseleven years old he attended a college called Mazain. For Lavoisiers last two years in college hefound a great deal of interest in science. He received an excellent education and developed aninterest in all branches of science, especially chemistry. Abbe Nicolas Louis de Lacaill taughtLavoisier about meteorological observation. On 1763 Lavoisier received his bachelors degree andon 1764 a licentiate which allowed him to practice his profession. In his spare time he studiedbooks all about scie nce. His 1st paper was written about gypsum, also known by hydrated calciumsulfate. He described its chemical and physical properties. He was elected to the French Academyof Sciences in 1768. On 1771 he married Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze. She helped Lavoisier bydrawing diagrams for his scientific works and translating English notation for him. Unlike earlierchemists, Lavoisier paid particular attention to the weight of the ingredients involved in chemicalreactions and of the products that resulted. He carefully measured the weights of the reactants andproducts. He noted that the weight of the air in which combustion occurred decreases. He foundthat when the burning material combined with the air somehow and that the air weighed less. Lavoisier found that the weight of the products of combustion equals the weight of the reactingingredients. This observation became known as the law of conservation of mass (or matter). Herepeated many of the experiments of earlier chemists but interpreted the results far differently. On1772 he was studying on combustion, which he is most known for in science. Lavoisier presentedan important memoir on conversion of water into earth evaporation. This brought him to theOxygen Theory of Combustion. On 1774 Lavoisier carried out experiments on calcinations of tinand lead and confirmed the increase of weight of metals on calcinations from combustion of air. By demonstrating the nature of combustion, he disproved the phlogiston theory. The phlogistontheory stated that all flammable materials contained a substance called phlogiston. According tothis theory, materials gave off phlogiston as they burned. Air was necessary for combustionbecause it absorbed the phlogiston that was released. This was thought at the time to be a fact. Lavoisier showed this theory to be false and made oxygen the reason that things burned, notphlogiston. Lavoisier burned textbooks that supported the theory. He was trying to make a pointthat the phlogiston theory was invalid and oxygen is the new answer to combustion. He laid theframework for understanding chemical reactions as combinations of elements to form newmaterials, or products. He concluded that combustion results from the rapid chemical union of aflammable material with a newly discovered gas, which he named oxygen, previously known asâ€Å"dephilogisticated air.† The word â€Å"oxygen† means acid producer. Lavoisier and others had foundthat oxygen is a part of several acids. Lavoisier incorrectly reasoned that oxygen is needed tomake all acids. He developed endings of the degree of oxygen by adding certain ending such as -icor -ous. With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conductedexperiments on the respiration in animals. The ir studies showed a similarity between ordinarychemical reactions and the processes that happen in living organisms. These experiments were thebasis for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a system fornaming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use. He made thevery first modern chemistry text named Trait elmentaire de chimie (Elements of Chemistry). .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .postImageUrl , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:hover , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:visited , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:active { border:0!important; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:active , .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud5ce6b2a02ad81de54a9c91aa824214c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Face of a Monster EssayMany consider it the first textbook on modern chemistry. Here for the first time the elements arelaid out systematically. His list included many compounds, which were thought to be elements atthe time. Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that respect the conservation ofmass. As a government official, Lavoisier was successful in creating agricultural reform, servingas a tax collection official, and overseeing the governments manufacture of gunpowder. On 1775he was made

Se Habla Espanol vs. a Giant Step free essay sample

A Giant Step The characters from the stories Se Habla Espanol and A Giant Step face struggles with racial issues and personal difficulties. They find a true aspect of significance in each of their stories. Barrientos realizes that her heritage is an important factor to who she is. The boy realizes his shoes got him many places through the years, and they signify loyalty to his handicapped situation. Both characters focus on their appreciation and the meaning of their experiences. In both stories, a meaningful past is something that they have in common. These characters’ struggles help them succeed in becoming stronger individuals. In Se Habla Espanol, the past is misunderstood because Barrientos came from a Spanish background but was raised to speak nothing but English. Her narrative states, â€Å"College-educated and seamlessly bilingual when they settled in west Texas, my parents (a psychology professor and an artist) wholeheartedly embraced the notion of the American melting pot. They declared that their two children would speak nothing but ingles (Barrientos 560). † In A Giant Step, the past is feared because the boy went through many surgeries in hopes of being able to walk normally again. Gates memoir states, â€Å"I limped through the next decade- through Yale and Cambridge†¦ as far away as Piedmont as I could get. But I couldn’t escape the pain, which increased as the joint calcified and began to fuse over the next 15 years (Gates 834). † Overcoming the racial issues of the past is what helped Barrientos write her story. For Tanya Barrientos, life was complicated. She moved to the United States in 1963 at the age of three with her family who immediately stopped speaking Spanish. Her family embraced American society. As she states, â€Å"People who were considered Mexican- Americans or Afro-Americans were considered dangerous radicals, while law- abiding citizens were expected to drop their cultural baggage at the border and leave any lingering traits (Barrientos 561). † Society viewed Spanish people as a poor individuals, table waiters, or housekeepers. Barrientos said, â€Å"It meant being left off the cheerleading squad and receiving a condescending smile from the guidance counselor when she said she planned on becoming a doctor or a lawyer (Barrientos561)†. She thought by staying away from Spanish people, the stereotypes would stay away from her. Over time, society completely changed and no longer looked at one type of ethnicity. At this point, Tanya began to wonder where she fit. When asked a question in Spanish, she could only answer in English. Tanya wanted to take pride in her Latina heritage but she could not because she felt it was a lie. She set out to learn the language everyone assumed she already knew. She basically had to start all over but finally realized that her heritage is an important part of her life, and there are probably many others going through the same thing she went through. In the end she says, â€Å"She wished everyone had the courage to come out of their hiding places and take pride in where they came from no matter the situation (Barrientos 563). † Also, overcoming personal difficulties of the past is what helped the boy write his story. In the story A Giant Step, the boy faced a majorwas a colored, 14-year-old freshman who started playing football, learning tennis, and began dating. A major tragedy affected the boy’s life in many ways. The ball-and-socket-joint of his hip sheared apart due to a recent injury. The surgeon tells him it was a torn ligament and put him in a walking cast. As the surgeon stood the boy on his feet and insisted that he should try to walk, the joint ripped apart again, and the boy fell on the floor. The doctor told his mother he had overstrained his natural capacity. In one year he had three surgeries. After the last operation and over the next fifteen years, his leg grew shorter, his muscles weakened, and the ball-and-socket joint migrated into his pelvis. He says, â€Å"Most frustrating was passing store windows full of fine shoes. I used to dream of walking into one of those stores and buying a pair of shoes (Gates 834). † After the boy finally accepted the situation, the doctors decided it was time for one last surgery at his age of 40. A day later, the nurses stand him up and help him into a walker and his wife burst into tears because his feet were touching the ground. The surgeon says, â€Å"Get a pair of Dock Sides; they have a secure grip. You’ll need a ? -inch life in the heel, which can be as discreet as you want (Gates 835). † As he walks, he takes a look at the â€Å"bricks† and realizes they have walked long miles together. The boy states firmly, â€Å"I feel disloyal, as if I am abandoning an old friend (Gates 836). † Both stories have major differences such as society’s issues concerning race, the meaning, and the difficult situations. One thing they both share is major significance. For Se Habla Espanol, the significance is teaching others to not follow the line of others and be an individual. For example, Tanya being determined to learn Spanish despite the fact she had to basically start all over. For A Giant Step, the significance is teaching others to never give up and make the best out of bad situations. Also, an example would be his hope that one day an operation would work despite the fact he was 40 when it actually did. Trials are always occurring whether the situation has to do with ethnicity or hardships. Hope and determination are two key factors in both stories that keep the characters going. Over all, as readers we can conclude that past events take toll on people’s lives every day whether it is positive or negative feedback. Gradually, we learn to appreciate the many challenges and influences we face because it teaches us useful lessons. In life, accepting things that are not always easy lead us to finding the answer.