Monopoly Of The Postal Service Essays (1321 words) -

Restraining infrastructure Of The Postal Service Restraining infrastructure of the Postal Service In the United States economy most markets can be ordered into four unique markets structures. In any case, every single market in the United States is totally one of a kind from the others. For the most part the best sort of market structure for the overall population is per-fect rivalry since it makes the least conceivable cost for the general population. There are a few exemptions were impeccable rivalry isn't the best decision for the general population because of different reasons. The United States Postal Service is one of them and since the Postal Service is an imposing business model, it is its own arket. This paper will examine the spending problems that the postal assistance has looked for as far back as twenty years and in the event that it is to the greatest advantage of the economy for the United States Postal Service to proceed as an imposing business model. The first run through there was discussion of privatizing the Postal Service was in 1979 when the Postal Service was losing huge measures of cash over the long haul. Be that as it may, since the Postal Service is a need for America, the administration needed to finance the administration with the goal for it to proceed in activity. In 1979 the United States Postal Service had an income of $22.5 Billion and was also accepting $176 million from investing(#1, Intro). Indeed, even with this additional income the Postal Service was still incredibly under supported all alone (#1, Intro). During this time it was talked about to privatize the postal help and present rivalry as a result of the outrageous misfortunes that the administration was encountering. A positive contention for privatizing the Postal Service was with various rivals in the market there would be more effectiveness and the general population would get lower costs. Be that as it may, this would likewise expand the utilizatio n of assets, for instance planes and vehicles. One of the issues the Post Office had was its receipts from purchaser buys that were presented the following day after the exchange (#1, I). In the event that the receipts were submitted before the postal assistance would get more cash since they could put away that cash sooner (#1, I). Another way the Postal Service could expanded benefits was by seriously choosing banks that would give them higher loan fees and such (#1, ii). Likely the most significant and last approach to improve the financial plan of the Postal Service is to improve the accounting poli-cies and banking procedures (#1, ii). Not exclusively did the Post Service propose to expand benefits yet they additionally proposed to reduce expenses in various manners. There were three techniques that were proposed in 1946 for the insurance of compensations that does not exist anymore (#2, Intro). These have to do with the country mail bearers. Under this out of date technique for conveying mail the Postal Administration was los-ing cash to any mail that went to rustic territories (#2, I) There are 48,000 mail bearers that convey mail to a great many families that are viewed as living in country settings; this costs the postal Service 858 million dollars every year (#2, I). This is a genuinely simple issue to fix thinking about how much cash is being lost. It was suggested that cash misfortune could be fundamentally chopped down if the Postal Service amended the accompanying issues. The provincial mail bearers were appointed a specific measure of time to convey to a particular country territory, this technique was obsolete and on account of this the transporters possess free energy for which they got paid for (#2, ii). The following issue was that other mail courses put together offer with appreciation to what number of miles the course secured, so the transporters were getting paid by the mile (#2, iii). With this issue fixed the Postal Service could spared 26.8 million every year (#2 , iii). There was additionally an hourly rate that was basically which in a roundabout way advanced wasteful assistance (#2, iii). A stop to this could have spared the Postal Service $255,000 every year (#2, iii). From the num-bers referenced above, it tends to be seen why the United States Postal Service was losing such a lot of cash. These issues did in fact in the end got fathomed in the course of recent years and now the Postal Service is making record breaking benefits. Presently in the first

How to Reduce Accidents free essay sample

They exhibit a focal inclination which ought not preclude a scope of contrasts inside every idea. ) 1. Assertiveness:â U. S. Americans will in general be real to life and candid in correspondence with others, and they only occasionally avoid revealing realities about themselves. They favor direct inquiries and react with straight answers. They utilize eye to eye encounters to determine contrasts. These examples of conduct here and there lead individuals from different societies to see U. S. Americans as excessively forceful. 2. Exertion Optimism:â The connecting of exertion with positive thinking is one of the focal attributes of U. S. thought. Exertion positive thinking is a forswearing of fatalism;â the supposition any test can be met, any objective accomplished, if just an adequate amount of time, vitality, aptitude, and self discipline are applied. The maxim of the U. S. Navys Construction Battalions (See-Bees) during World War II epitomizes this concept:â The troublesome we do immediately;â the inconceivable takes somewhat more. We will compose a custom article test on Step by step instructions to Reduce Accidents or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 3. Friendliness:â U. S. companionships is exemplified by warmth, familiarity, and different indications of acknowledgment, even toward near outsiders. Then again, U. S. Americans expect that fellowship includes similarly barely any shared commitments and endures a generally brief timeframe. Individuals from different societies become confounded on the grounds that those whom they would consider simple associates are called companions by U. S. Americans, and in light of the fact that the warm way of U. S. Americans drives them to expect a level of responsibility that the U. S. Americans don't feel and would discover hard to acknowledge. 4. Getting Things Done:â U. S. Americans are most substance when they are accomplishing something. They accept that difficult work is characteristically important. In passing judgment on others, they give the most weight to their accomplishments, considerably less to character or otherworldly characteristics. U. S. Americans take a stab at productivity since it empowers them to complete more things in a given timeframe. To individuals from certain different societies, nonetheless, U. S. Americans appear to be driven. 5. Individualism:â The idea of independence focuses on the separateness of one individual from another, and the obligation and activity that every individual must interpretation of his own sake. U. S. Americans join and leave bunches every now and again as indicated by changing individual needs. individuals from exceptionally bunch focused societies discover the U. S. lifestyle divided in view of its emphasis on people. 6. Materialism:â Like most different people groups, U. S. Americans are worried about their well-being;â the distinction at times is that U. S. Americans measure their prosperity as far as the quantity of unmistakable things at their order that empower them to appreciate continuous solace and comfort. Individuals from societies where otherworldly, learned, or individual characteristics are most exceptionally esteemed might be so amazed by U. S. Americans realism that they ignore their better qualities. 7. Pragmatism:â U. S. Americans are profoundly pragmatic. They need things, methods, and individuals to meet the prerequisites of genuine use in day by day life. They will in general be versatile and practical, and they depend on good judgment.  In making decisions, U. S. Americans are generally inspired by in the case of something works. Different people groups the world over regularly give more weight to recorded custom, religious order, moral immaculateness, or hypothetical consistency. 8. Progress:â U. S. Americans are arranged toward the future;â they need it to be superior to their over a wide span of time. Give n their elentless quest for satisfaction, they accept not just that things and individuals can be made to improve, yet in addition that they ought to be made to improve. 9. Puritanism:â Puritanism is the term that depicts the U. S. American propensity for seeing a reason impact connection between right reasoning and great conduct from one viewpoint, and material prize or effective result on the other. It emerged out of the old Calvinist regulation that thriving and achievement were certain signs that an individual was in Gods favor. 10. Logical Method:â The strategies for science include dedication to mentalities, for example, suspicion, observation, and realism, and to methodology, for example, experimentation, definite examination, and inductive (thinking from built up realities to speculative ends). U. S. Americans appear to have a worked in availability to acknowledge logical clarifications as unquestionably almost certain than some other conceivable clarification. Different people groups regularly stay in any event as prone to depend on magic, authority, or convention. 11. Success:â The confidence of individual U. S. Americans is to a great extent tiedâ to their capacity to excel as far as the acknowledgment of their friends just as material luxuriousness and social portability. There is a profoundly held faith in the U. S. thatâ anybody through difficult work, ability, and ingenuity can transcend the station in life to which the person in question is conceived. Numerous different people groups the world over respect their status and job in life as both changeless and appropriate, and neglect to understand the consistent upward endeavoring of U. S. Americans. 12. Time Consciousness:â U. S. Americans will in general feel that time is constantly surging past them, and they much of the time need to know precisely what time it is. They endeavor to spare time by moving at a quick pace, taking alternate ways, and improving their effectiveness of activities. They before long become on edge whenever compelled to sit around idly. U. S. Americans are about consistently reliable and they anticipate that others should be on schedule, as well. Numerous different people groups have an unmistakably increasingly loosened up disposition about time;â some appear to be practically unconscious of its section and not the slightest bit share U. S. Americans worry for promptness. 14. America and the English Tradition| By Harry Morgan Ayres| | This commendable synopsis of Anglo-American history initially showed up (February, 1920) as a publication in the Weekly Review. It appeared to me at that point, and still does, as a model in that type of composing, immaculate in clarity, balance and great sense. Mr. Ayres is an individual from the workforce of Columbia College (Department of English) and furthermore one of the editors of the Weekly Review. Beowulf, Chaucer, Shakespeare and Seneca appear to be his preferred pastimes. |   To summarize the substance of Anglo-American relations in about six pages, as Mr. Ayres does here, is most likely a striking accomplishment. | THE RECENTLY settled seat in the history, writing, and establishments of the United States which is to be shared among the few colleges of Great Britain, is very not quite the same as the trade residencies of some of the time troubled memory. It isn't at all the plan to extend one of our educators every year and teach him with the genuine culture at its source. The tenant of the seat will be, if the reported aim is completed, very as regularly British as American, and very as likely an open man as an educator. The main item is to bring to England a superior information on the United States, and a reason increasingly commendable can hardly be envisioned. Harmony and flourishing will suffer on the planet in some extremely exact connection to the degree to which England prevails with regards to getting us.  â â 1|   It isn't a hallucination to assume that our comprehension of the British is in general better than theirs of us. The British Empire is an enormous and relatively basic certainty, presently prominently before the world for quite a while. The United States was, in British eyes, up to this point, a relatively unimportant actuality, yet inconceivably more convoluted than they envisioned. Each, obviously, cons ummately knew the shortcomings of the other, evaluated with an unerring cousinly eye. The American gloated in a nasal whimper, the Briton disparaged in a guttural burble. Whoever among the battling countries of the world may win, England made sure that she never lost; your Yankee was content with the more dishonorable triumphs of promoting, ready to spoil life in the event that he could just add to his dollars. Be that as it may, the greatness of English political foundations and techniques, the appeal of English life, the huge intensity of the Empire for advancing opportunity and progress on the planet, these are things which Americans have since quite a while ago perceived and in a manner comprehended. Anything like an identical British valuation for America in the huge appears to be bound to a not very many decent special cases among them. Reverence for Niagara, which is half British in any case, or eagerness for the â€Å"Wild West†Ã¢â‚¬your better-class Englishman consistently excites to the frontierâ€is no progression at all toward properly acknowledging America. |  â â 2|   To no unimportant degree this is America’s own issue. She doesn't present to the world a record that is effortlessly perused. It is self-evident, for instanceâ€and so clear that it is a rarity indeed enough statedâ€that America has and will keep on having an in a general sense English human advancement. English law is the premise of her law. English discourse is her discourse, and if with a distinction, it is a distinction that the philologist, taking everything into account, finds incredibly little. English writing is her literatureâ€Chaucer and Shakespeare hers since her blood at that point flowed indistinctly through the English heart they knew so well; Milton, Dryden, and the Queen Anne men hers, since she was as yet a piece of England; the later men hers by ethicalness of friendly acquaintanceship and a liberal and not insignificant competition. English history, to put it plainly, is her history. The battles of the thirteenth century through which law and parliament appeared, the battles of the seventeenth century through which law and parliament came to manage, are America’s battles whereupon she can think back with the fulfillment that a few things that have been done I

CASE STUDY ON HAITIAN CULTURE Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ON HAITIAN CULTURE - Case Study Example In any case, Haitians are glad for their history and convention yet larger part of them are experiencing quick change as they coordinate into the worldwide network. Their way of life despite everything applies to the individuals who even moved to the United States. In outline, the paper endeavors to take a gander at social perspectives on homosexuality in Haiti just as recognizing socially harmonious procedures to address in structuring of HIV avoidance in the Haiti people group. Likewise, it will quickly examine response of Ronald guardians with respect to his HIV status. Articulations of homosexuality are not acknowledged by society outside of certain culture and strict customs, for example, Carnival among the Haitian people group. Haitian Creole reflects regular perspectives towards gay people. There are, be that as it may, critical varieties in mentalities, situated in enormous measure on strict conviction. Outreaching Protestant categories, refering to scriptural entries they decipher as forbidding homosexuality, will in general be least lenient, regularly barring straightforwardly gay people from their gatherings. The Catholic Church has a to some degree progressively unpretentious methodology. They denounce gay practices, however enduring the nearness of gay people in strict functions, and approaching the devoted, not to abuse them (World Health Organization, 2010, pp. 5-21). The reaction from Ronald parents’, on the off chance that they were strict, to his HIV status would have swayed a moderate remain of blame dispensing and accuse him. This is, because of, being custom and strict. They would adhere to sex being sacred and having its legitimate spot in marriage, and obviously just between a man and a lady. With regards to their position, in any case, it very well may be contended that Ronald deviation from this perfect prompted HIV contamination (Desilva, Gray and Gonzalez, 2009, pp. 70-77). When structuring directing and anticipation program for the Haitian people group and its populace, note that prescribed procedures in advising would

How to Withdraw From College the Right Way

Step by step instructions to Withdraw From College the Right Way Once youve settled on the troublesome choice to pull back from school, the main thing at the forefront of your thoughts is probably going to escape from grounds at the earliest opportunity. Tragically, moving also rapidly may make you overlook a couple of significant assignments, which can demonstrate both exorbitant and negative. All in all, exactly what do you have to do to ensure youve considered every contingency? Moving toward this choice the correct way will spare you troubles later on. Converse with Your Academic Adviserâ Your first stop ought to be to meet with your scholastic guide face to face. Despite the fact that it may appear to be simpler to send an email, this sort of choice warrants an in-person discussion. Will it be clumsy? Perhaps. Be that as it may, going through 20 minutes having an up close and personal discussion can spare you long stretches of mix-ups later. Converse with your guide about your choice and request that the right way let your organization know youd like to pull back. Converse with the Financial Aid Office The official date of your withdrawal will probably majorly affect your funds. In the event that, for instance, you pull back right off the bat in the semester, you may need to take care of all or part of any understudy advances you got to cover school costs. Moreover, any grant assets, awards, or different monies you got might should be reimbursed. In the event that you pull back late in the semester, your money related commitments may be extraordinary. In this way, meeting with somebody in the budgetary guide office about your decision to pull back can be a savvy, cash sparing choice. Let the monetary guide official realize your planned withdrawal date and ask how this will influence the cash you have paid or credits youve got up until this point. Your money related guide official can likewise tell you when you should start reimbursing credits you got in earlier semesters. Converse with the Registrar Notwithstanding the discussions you have with school heads, you will probably need to submit something recorded as a hard copy about your purposes behind pulling back and your official date of withdrawal. The recorders office may likewise require you to finish administrative work to make your withdrawal official. Since the enlistment centers office likewise for the most part handles transcripts, you will need to ensure your records are clear so youll have no trouble getting duplicates of your transcripts and authority archives later on. All things considered, if youre considering returning to class or going after a position, you dont need your transcripts to demonstrate that you bombed your courses since you didnt get your official withdrawal administrative work finished effectively. Converse with the Housing Office On the off chance that youre living nearby, youll additionally need to tell the lodging office about your choice to pull back. Youll need to get a last assurance of charges for the semester just as expenses for tidying up and setting up the space for another understudy. The lodging office will likewise have the option to give you the official cutoff time for evacuating the entirety of your assets. In conclusion, request the name of the individual to whom you should restore your keys. Make certain to get a receipt to archive the date and time that you turn over your room and keys. You dont need to be charged for a locksmith basically on the grounds that you restored your keys to an inappropriate person. Converse with the Alumni Office You dont need to move on from an organization to be viewed as a former student. On the off chance that youve joined in, youre qualified for administrations through the graduated class office. Its a smart thought to stop by the graduated class office and present yourself before you leave grounds. At the point when you visit the graduated class office, leave a sending address and get data on graduated class benefits which may incorporate everything from work position administrations to limited medical coverage rates. Regardless of whether youre leaving school without a degree, youre still piece of the network and youll need to remain educated about how your foundation can bolster your future undertakings.

everything underneath the sky essays

everything underneath the sky papers The epic Sky Over Dimas by Vicente Garcia Groyon is basically fixated on a familys curving and exciting past frequenting every part present lives. The storys feature is the way that George Torrecarion went insane and just his child Rafael can spare him for his craziness. George has been locking himself with a specialists girl for a quarter of a year now in the relinquished Hacienda Dimas. This was the main motivation behind why Rafael is happy to return home in Bacolod with all the arguing done by his mom, Margie, who consequently is no saner as well. The truth of the matter is: George Torrecarion went insane.- This is the place everything starts and finishes with. Man versus himself is the fundamental clash of the story. With all the lies underneath the familys past, George wasnt ready to deal with everything great thus, mind-frenzy bit him off until his demise. It worked out that underneath the acclaim and fortune of the Jarabas and Torrecarion families lays a mess of separated truth that reveals the past of the familys anomaly. Each and every falsehood that has been advised was utilized to conceal all the disclosures in the story. Solidarity among the plot was broad because of the explanation that it is about the familys compositions. These pieces were all in a type of shocks inside the story that reveal the insider facts of the family. Every one of the characters foundation releases reality supposedly on. In addition, the story was loaded with entrancing connections that triggers the characters to pass on what the creator has truly got the chance to state. These hoarding occasions all prompts the insanity George is encountering. He has a deep understanding of this through his granddads journal. This doesn't just assistance uncover reality inside the novel yet just as making the book an absolute necessity read for the crowd. The method used by Groyon utilizing the memory inside a memory gives the story a feeling of the real world. It ... <!

Discuss the link between the past and the future, in 1984 and Metropolis. - Literature Essay Samples

Both texts highlight and effectually foreground, the need for humanity to learn from its mistakes for its ultimate survival. The social, cultural and historical milieu of a composer’s era, significantly molds construction of their text and the ideals, values and attitudes that they choose to address within it. These influences offer a unique distinction between different texts, however, also highlighting notable commonalities. Through the implementation of dystopian fiction, in which they depict a post-apocalyptic future, arising from cultural realities that enable tyrants to exploit periods of adversities and tribulations, both texts offer didactic and implicit cautionary warnings of what will occur should present trends endure. Fritz Lang’s expressionist and overt surreal silent film, ‘Metropolis’ (1927), can be interpreted as a reaction to the rapidly fluctuating, economically unstable social milieu of Germany during the immediate post WWI era, in which the newly emerged, controversial Weimar Republic gave birth to new individual freedoms and consequent cultural diversity. Lang’s physical depiction of the segregation and dichotomy between the upper and lower classes of Metropolis prompts his audience to question the distribution of power and authority, subtly highlighting the flaws in Germany’s new government system and asserting the need for compassion in the rebuilding of a thriving society. Contrastingly, George Orwell’s dystopic novel, ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ (1949), is a pessimistic vision of the future, responding to the horrific totalitarian and authoritarian regimes witnessed in the years following WWI and during WWII. Orwell provides an unsettling warning of the capacities of dictatorial control systems and their ability to extend control over all aspects of an individual’s life; stifling their freedoms, dignities, morality and subsequently dehumanizing the population. Through the co mparative study of both texts, we observe an evident series of commonalities and diversities in their construction, contextual influences and explored themes. Furthermore, we discern the fundamental correlation between a text and its contextual origins and how the exploration of similar content in both texts highlights their fundamental significance. Oppressive capitalist plutocracies can abuse and dictate individual freedoms; employing terror, surveillance and other corrupt devices as a means of stifling their citizens and stripping them of their dignity. Fritz Lang’s expressionist, black and white film ‘Metropolis’ is a distinctive, artistic commentary on the Weimar Republic of Germany during the 1920’s; depicting the faà §ade of superficial economic abundance during this time that cloaked the deeply ingrained flaws in the new democratic system. This can be seen in the physical depiction of the brightly lit, art-deco inspired, glamorous city of abundance that is Metropolis, reflecting the German period of industrialization and modernization, built upon the foundations of the deprivation, inequality and scarcity of the worker’s city. In Lang’s film, similarly to the unjust power structure in ‘1984’, absolute, authoritarian control is held singularly by Joh Fredersen, who is motivated primarily with ensuring a city of wealth and lavishness to the benefit of the aristocratic upper class, in ignorance and indifference to the deprived workers or ‘hands’ who toil below to achieve his vision. Frederson achieves and maintains his power through the use of fear and terror as a means of controlling his robot-like workers, stifling their individuality and freedom. A black and white long shot depicts a rigid formation of workers with heads pointing downwards moving listlessly, uniformly and expressionless through the mise en scene’s prison-like tunnels of the underground city of Metropolis; reflective of the nature of production line labor in Germany during this time. This image exudes connotations of enslavement, deprivation and indolent conformity, contrasting starkly to the opening images of sky-scrapers, spotlights and luxury inspired by the highly modernized, architecturally innovative city of New York. Frederson’s son, Freder, the Christ-like hero of the film, watches in horror as a worker’s factory explodes and transforms into the barbaric, gold-faced God of Fire, Moloch. Moloch, a biblical character alluding to the Greco-Roman tradition of child sacrifice, consumes the fatigued workers offered to him, reinforcing the fear-induced methods of power and control. Th dehumanizing, repetitive and physically demanding nature of work depicted in these scenes are indicative of the reality of assembly line production common-place during the industrial revolution of Weimar Germany post WWI, resulting in the re-introduction of the 12 hour working day with a two-hour break. Lang provokes us to question the corrupt and abusive utilization of power and its repercussions on an individual’s sense of dignity, humanity and entitlement, simultaneously making comparisons and connections to his own social, cultural and historical context. Lang’s text was considered as a ground-breaking German expressionist, silent film; providing a crucial source of inspiration for the later development of the ‘film noir’ genre. Lang’s innovative use of special effects, multi layered sets, stop motion film and his visual dichotomy between the two inner worlds of Metropolis are seminal to later dystopic, sci-fi texts, simultaneously creating a strong conceptual link to Orwell’s ‘1984’. Individuals must place inherent and fundamental worth in their essential rights to freedom of speech, thought and individuality. If the values of these fundamental rights are neglected, then societies are prone to the all-encompassing, complete manipulation, tyranny of totalitarian control systems and subsequent dehumanization. This is clearly elucidated in George Orwell’s iconic dystopian novel ‘1984’. Similarly to Lang’s film, Orwell depicts a futuristic, dystopian setting, exploring the dangers of oppressive control systems. However, Orwell’s vision, inspired by the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin and his ‘great purges’ in Soviet Russia, and Adolf Hitler and his eradication of ‘inferior’ races in Nazi Germany, is a significantly bleaker, more pessimistic prophecy. Orwell immediately situates us in the austere, harsh setting of urban decay; ‘Airstrip One’, the parallel image of degraded, rubble-ridden London, po st WWII. The clocks are ‘striking thirteen’ and the omniscient, invasive image of Big Brother ‘watching you’, is strikingly reminiscent of the image of Joseph Stalin. The anti-hero, Winston Smith is ‘smallish, frail’ and has a ‘varicose ulcer above his right ankle’. The hopeless, weak and sickening image of Winston contrasts strongly to Lang’s hero, Freder, the picture of Aryan perfection. Winston works in the ‘Ministry of Truth’, an oxymoronic title for a place that houses the constant re-writing of history to ensure that the party is always correct; ‘Who controls the past controls the future. Who controls the present controls the past.’ Language is oversimplified and ‘cut down to the bone’, resulting in a new language, ‘whose vocabulary gets smaller every year’, ‘NewSpeak’, rendering ‘thoughtcrime’ or unorthodox thinking ‘literally impossib le’. Perhaps the most frightening aspect of Orwell’s haunting vision is the attainable, realistic future that is depicted. Many of the party’s policies and means of control are drawn from the strategies of Hitler and Stalin in their fanatic dictatorships; Stalin himself would airbrush photos for ‘vaporised’ persons, rewriting history and frequently changing alliances with Germany, claiming to have always maintained this relationship. Orwell demands us to reassess the capabilities of totalitarian rulership, warning of the horrific possible extent of control that the rapid development of technology would allow. Both Orwell and Lang convey a genuine fear of the future in their texts, however both the medium through which these ideas are explored and the historical contexts that inspired the composers are significantly diverse and distinctive. Whilst Orwell was a critical essayist at heart, one may argue that Lang’s primary purpose was to create aesthetically innovative artistry and entertainment. Hence, though both exploring complementary concepts of power and control and the dehumanization that can emerge from them which lead to subjugation, suppression of rights and degradation of one’s human qualities, these two iconic texts differ. Societies built on foundations of inequality and deprivation are prone to a growing discontent among citizens and eventual destruction. The continued oppression of an individual’s entitlements to freedom and expression can only be tolerated to certain extents, after which the spark of resistance and rebellion is ignited. Lang’s film was unique as it confronted the conservative German audience with the rapid change in previously rigid class structures, addressing the growing potential for a Russian-like communist rebellion. Following the signing of the humiliating Treaty of Versailles, in which Germany was forced to accept entire responsibility for the destruction of WWI and agree to pay indefinite reparations to the allies, the German public retaliated in severe division, revolt and strike. The seeds of discontent and revolution are evident in Lang’s film in the ongoing subjugation of the workers. Lang depicts Maria as a virginal symbol of purity and compassion w ho prophesies that ‘the mediator between the head and the hands must be the heart’; a message that extends as an ongoing motif throughout the film and elucidates the fundamental need for understanding in achieving equilibrium amidst this severely divided society. Lang’s depiction of Maria’s robot ‘doppelgà ¤nger’, who performs absurdly dramatic gestures and facial expressions, clad in dark, devilish eye makeup, offers a stark dichotomy to the pure, virginal, innocently dressed Maria. Lang’s continuous utilisation of juxtapositions; ‘light’ and ‘dark’, ‘blessed’ or ‘damned’ and ‘upper’ and ‘lower’, serve as representations of the severe divisions within German society during this period. Dramatic, pulsating drum beats and climactic violin notes are heard as the workers, ironically conforming in thoughtless mob-mentality, pack tightly into the elevators that es calate to the upper-city of Metropolis, pumping their fists violently. Lang explores the unthinking, conforming mob-mentality of rebellion, highlighting the ironic substitution for simply another means of control, complementing Orwell’s description of ‘the two minutes hate’, in which the working class are mindlessly united in the hatred of Big Brother’s enemies. Lang depicts the pure, compassionate love affair between Maria and Freder, who unite in the depths and desperately attempt to protect the grappling, fearful children from the flooding city. The film concludes optimistically with the unification of the ‘head’, Frederson, and the ‘hands’, the workers, through the mediation of Freder, ‘the heart’. Lang offers an alternative to the oppression of Frederson’s capitalist plutocracy through warm, compassionate mediation. Lang’s ending has been criticized as being abstruse and unrealistic; that despite th is shaking of hands, the tyrannical rule of Frederson may well continue under a different guise. The workers still march in perfect synchronization and uniformity, the only variance is that their heads are now lifted. This could be said to reflect the ‘Stresemann era’ of Germany, in which the nation established a secure place on the global stage, once again participating in international trade and affairs. However this was merely a faà §ade for its desperate reliance upon the American economy for its success, leading to Germany’s severe downfall during the depression. Lang draws our attention to the nature of resistance and rebellion; how the oppressive abuse of power and control and the stifling of freedoms result in this, also highlighting the chaos that can be wrought if not orchestrated in a calculated manner of one’s own accord. Lang’s unique cinematic style and exploration of fundamental themes of power and control served as an iconic source of inspiration for many artists who followed him, bringing to the fore the central importance of ‘Metropolis’ and illuminating it’s vital link to the time period in which it was created. Resistance and rebellion arise due to discontent and dissatisfaction with one’s reality; their rights, their freedoms and their distant memories of more prosperous times. Orwell’s ‘1984’, elucidates the intrinsic characteristic of humanity that provokes one to question the nature of their world and the distribution of power and control within it, even if this attempt is accepted and recognized as futile. Lang explores this inherent desire in his film, however, one may argue that his representation of the oppressed class possess a far more promising capacity to rebel and to succeed in establishing a better society. Contrastingly, Orwell’s anti-hero Winston knowingly accepts that his life is doomed from the moment he opens his diary and marks its pages; ‘the decisive act’. Every trait considered human is stripped from the citizens of Oceania; their humanity, their family, their dignity, their sexual instinct and their individual will to li ve. This is replaced by the all-encompassing fear and love of Big-Brother, elucidating the mass extent of infiltration, control and suppression of any possible rebellion. Orwell depicts Winston’s somber psychological state; he feels ‘lost in a monstrous world where he himself was the monster’ and hence his only potential resistance is his own internal contemplation. Similarly to Lang’s depiction of Rotwang’s house as ‘a relic of the dim, forgotten, past’, Orwell depicts motifs in his novel that serve as reminders of a time brighter than Winston’s present reality, elucidating the extent to which knowledge has been concealed and withheld. These motifs occur in Winston’s frequent dreams of the ‘Golden Country’, the glass paperweight and the image of the ‘St Clements Church’, which ironically is utilized as a concealed party surveillance device. Winston attempts to intellectually engage with his love interest Julia, however she is purely interested in fulfilling her own sexual pleasures in resistance to the party. Orwell frightfully illustrates a world where the totalitarian regime even orchestrates it’s own resistance, as another guise through which to ensnare ‘thought criminals’ and maintain ultimate control. The novel concludes pessimistically, with Winston indefinitely awaiting a bullet that shall end his life; having been destroyed physically and mentally. Winston occupies his remaining days sitting in the foreshadowed ‘Chestnut Tree Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, drinking ‘Victory Gin’, practicing ‘doublethink’ and believing that ‘2+2=5’ because the Party says it does; ‘He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother.’ Whilst Lang elucidates the power of the individual to overcome their oppressive rulers, Orwell highlights any attempt at resistance and rebellion devoid of purpose from the beginning. His didactic, hopeless vision serves as a haunting warning of the capacities of totalitarian rulerships that suppress the individual. Both texts are written in post-war periods, depicting a fear of the future, however whilst Lang’s film depicts a limited German experience, Orwell’s primary concern was reaching a global audience with a strong political message of democratic socialism. Both texts complement each other in conveying themes of power and control in a highly-technological society, however, they starkly differ in form, time of composition and the overriding tone with which their messages are conveyed. Hence, through the comparative study of Fritz Lang’s expressionist film, ‘Metropolis’ (1927) and George Orwell’s dystopic novel, ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ (1949), we note the fundamental link between the two texts and the time period in which they were composed. This study illuminates the unique qualities of both texts but also brings to the fore the complementary similarities between them. Whilst Lang’s film is an artistic commentary on the Weimar Republic during the 1920’s and the overwhelming divisions within German society, Orwell’s text serves as a crucial warning of the dangers of totalitarian systems witnessed post WWI and during WWII. Therefore, we decipher the vital importance of these two iconic texts and their complementary overriding themes of power and control.

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